河西走廊东部冬季沙尘暴的典型个例及气候特征分析     

张春燕  李岩瑛  曾婷  张爱萍 《气象》2019,45(9):1227-1237

应用1971—2016年河西走廊东部代表站的地面观测资料、NCEP 2.5°×2.5°月均地面至300 hPa高空资料,2006—2016年民勤逐日07和19时每隔10 m加密高空资料,分析了近45年河西走廊东部冬季沙尘暴天气的年际变化特征。同时选取2016年11月两次沙尘暴天气过程从天气学成因、物理量场及近地面边界层特征等方面进行了诊断分析。结果表明:近45年河西走廊东部冬季沙尘暴日数呈减少趋势,产生大风沙尘天气的主要原因不仅与大型冷暖空气强度及环流形势有关,还与冷锋过境时间、日变化、近地层风速和干湿程度关系密切。夜间至早晨近地面逆温厚且强,大气层结稳定,削弱沙暴强度,而午后到傍晚,逆温薄而弱,大气层结不稳定性强,加强了动量下传和风速,增强沙暴强度。近地层越干,风速越大,沙暴越强。  相似文献   

民勤大气边界层特征与沙尘天气的气候学关系研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

李岩瑛  张强  薛新玲  王荣基 《中国沙漠》2011,30(3):757-764

 为了更好地理解西北干旱区大气混合层(ML)厚度的变化特征及其对当地沙尘气候形成的影响, 利用民勤2006—2008年3—6月逐日08时和20时探空资料、降水和日最高气温,计算和分析了最大混合层厚度、逆温层特征和垂直风场及其对沙尘气候形成的影响。结果表明,民勤沙尘天气的大气边界层有显著的昼夜变化,白天厚、逆温强而多;沙尘天气的最大混合层厚度在2 600 m左右,介于无降水与有降水天气之间;扬沙主要由锋面中的冷空气引起,而沙尘暴主要由低层风场的剧烈扰动和500 m以上高层冷锋入侵引起。沙尘暴发生前近地面风场有明显的扰动,沙尘暴发生时在500 hPa以下有显著的冷空气活动,白天较强。能见度小于100 m的强沙尘暴夜间风速大,冷空气较强。  相似文献   

Dynamic Relationship Between Entrainment Rate and Summer Monsoon in the Transition Area of Monsoon in the East of Northwest China     

Yanying Li  Ying Cai  Chunyan Zhang  Ting Zeng  Jiping Yang 《地球科学进展》2019,34(12):1316-1327

Entrainment rate refers to the ratio of surrounding air quality to air quality involved in rising unit distance, including turbulent entrainment and dynamic entrainment, which are applied to the boundary layer parametrization of convective clouds, the improvement of numerical model, the observation of cloud droplet spectral dispersion and the study of tropical cyclones.Based on the daily data at 07:00 and 19:00 every 10 m of five stations such as Minqin, Yuchong, Pingliang, Yinchuan and Yan'an from May to September during 2006-2016, combined with the daily observation data on the ground, the Entrainment Rates(ER) of different heights were calculated, and the relationships between ER and height in different regions, precipitation as well as monsoon during the monsoon period were further obtained. The main results were as follows:\mathrm{①} The ER was proportional to air temperature and saturated water vapor pressure, but inversely proportional to relative humidity. The relative humidity threshold of cloud was 65%. The higher the relative humidity threshold was, the lower the cloud height of different orders of precipitation was, and the cloud height was higher with the increase of rainfall. \mathrm{②}ER had obvious diurnal changes and regional differences: It was obviously smaller at 07:00 than at 19:00 from ground to 3 km, which weakened with the increase of height in the near surface , but strengthened with the increase of height above 500 m; From small to large, the monsoon affected area, the monsoon swing area and the non-monsoon area were in turn, and there was no regional difference above 3 km. \mathrm{③} ER was closely related to the intensity and property of precipitation in monsoon period. The ER weakened with the enhancement of rain intensity from near ground to below 600 m, but strengthened with the enhancement of rain intensity from 500 m to 2~3 km.From near ground to below 700 m, the ER of stable precipitation was strong, but that of convective precipitation was strong above 700 m. The convective precipitation had big saturated water vapor pressure and strong ER , while the stable precipitation had big saturated water vapor density, rich water vapor but weak ER. \mathrm{④}The relationship between ER and monsoon as well as its duration: From no monsoon to monsoon ER was weakened, the strongest maximum height was also decreasing. There was no significant difference in the duration of ER between the non-monsoon area and the monsoon affected area, but the longer the monsoon swing area lasted in the near ground layer, the smaller the ER was, while the opposite was at 1~2 km in the high altitude. \mathrm{⑤}The relationship between ER and the APO monsoon intensity index showed that: At 07:00, the ER strengthened with height from near ground to below 800 m, but weakened with height above 800 m,and the monsoon intensity was not related to the ER. At 19:00, the ER strengthened with the height near ground but weakened with the height above 300 m, and the stronger the monsoon was, the smaller the ER was. The ER weakened with the decrease of boundary layer height.  相似文献   

水平螺旋度在沙尘暴预报中的应用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李岩瑛  张强 《气象学报》2012,70(1):144-154

为了更准确地预报中国北方沙尘暴的强度和范围,应用2002—2010年3—6月逐日08和20时高空流场资料、高空图资料和地面每3 h的天气图资料,计算近地面至500 hPa的水平螺旋度。结果表明,螺旋度负值中心值越大,辐合上升运动越强,风速越大,对应沙尘暴的强度就越强。螺旋度负值中心常常在河西走廊附近最强,沙尘暴发生在螺旋度负值中心附近或下游。在沙尘关键区(40°—48°N,84°—120°E)当出现螺旋度≤-600 m2/s2的负值中心时,6 h内该区或其下游将产生能见度低于500 m的强沙尘暴,螺旋度负值中心与下游沙尘暴发生区有良好的对应关系。通过对中国北方区域性强沙尘暴典型个例、甘肃省河西走廊东部沙尘天气的对比分析,螺旋度有较强的日变化,白天强于夜间,对冬春季中国北方干旱区的冷锋型沙尘暴天气有较强的预报能力。  相似文献   

河西走廊东部极端降水的时空分布及影响因子分析     

钱莉  杨永龙  张宇林  腾杰  刘菊菊 《干旱区地理》2015,38(2):207-214

利用线性回归分析、Mann-Kendall检验法和和小波分析法,统计分析了河西走廊东部1961-2012年近52 a来暴雨日数的变化规律。结果表明：河西走廊东部年平均暴雨日数为1.2 d·a-1,多为局地暴雨,暴雨日数时空分布差异大,从南向北、从东向西暴雨日数迅速递减,暴雨最多的地方出现在祁连山北坡迎风坡的古浪县。然而,年暴雨日数变化总体呈上升趋势,其线性倾向率为0.24次·（10 a）-1,年暴雨日数最多年代出现在21世纪00年代,出现15场次;最少的年代出现在20世纪80年代,仅为6场次;区域性暴雨出现最多年代、最少年代与区域性暴雨强度呈相反态势。暴雨日数受季风变化影响显著,出现时段集中在6～8月,占全年暴雨日数的90.3%。其中8月暴雨日数最多,占总次数的48.4%;一日中暴雨主要出现在白天。采用Mann-Kendall检验法进行检验,河西走廊东部年暴雨日数增加从1963年开始,1985-2012年为显著增加,气候变暖使区域内极端降水出现次数增多。小波分析发现暴雨日数存在9 a和6 a周期。区域内年降水量与暴雨日的变化趋势相同,说明区域内极端降水日数增多导致了年降水量的增加。利用1983-2012年近32 a的NCEP再分析资料,将暴雨出现的高空环流形势归纳为副高西部西南气流型、河套阻塞高压型,大量级暴雨产生在高空河套阻塞高压型中;根据暴雨产生的物理机制,归纳总结出河西走廊东部暴雨产生的物理要素阈值。  相似文献   

陇中黄土高原土壤水分变化特征及其机理分析   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

李德帅  王金艳  王式功  李振朝  尚可政  闭建荣 《中国沙漠》2014,34(1):140-147

基于兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站（SACOL）2010年全年的观测资料,对陇中黄土高原半干旱区土壤水分的年变化和日变化特征进行了研究,并通过计算水汽通量与蒸散量,探讨了土壤-地表-大气间水分的交换和运移机理。结果表明：土壤湿度的季节变化主要受降水影响,各季节的平均土壤湿度均呈现出表层和深层低、中间层高的特点,最高值出现在地下10 cm附近;在无降水的情况下,土壤5~20 cm处的含水量呈现出夜间逐渐降低、白天逐渐上升的波形变化,这种变化与土壤水汽通量具有很好的一致性,而水汽通量的方向则受温度梯度的影响;在白天,地表温度高于气温与较深层地温,水汽在向空气蒸散的同时也由地表流向土壤深部,夜晚地表温度则低于较深层地温,水汽由土壤深部流向地表。因此土壤内部的水分蒸发主要出现在夜晚,且主要发生在地表40 cm以内的土壤孔隙中,而白天地表的实际蒸发主要存在土壤浅层0~5 cm,5 cm以下土壤水分的蒸发十分微弱。本研究结果对于改进半干旱区陆面计算模式以及当地的生态环境建设具有一定的参考价值。  相似文献   

库姆塔格沙漠植物区系组成及地理成分   总被引：10，自引：5，他引：5  

王继和  袁宏波  张锦春  张国中  刘虎俊  廖空太 《中国沙漠》2008,28(5):860-867

运用植物学及植物地理学方法,结合实地植被调查,对库姆塔格沙漠植物区系组成、地理成分、生活型及分布特征进行了分析研究。结果表明：库姆塔格沙漠区属于典型的荒漠植物区系,共有种子植物22科69属109种,其中被子植物占总数的98.13%。单种科、寡种科和单种属、寡种属是库姆塔格沙漠植物区系的主体,是植物区系复杂性及物种多样性的主要来源,寡种属优势明显。中型科属和较大科属虽不占主体,但却往往是构成植物群落的建群种或植物区系的代表成分,对植物区系的构成及植被的分布格局都有很大的影响。植物区系地理成分多样,温带分布和地中海分布是本区系地理成分的主要组成部分,区域植物具有典型的温带特征。受地形地貌、气候环境的影响,区域植被分布随地貌变化呈现出不同的分布格局,具有非地带性差异特征。库姆塔格沙漠草本植物占数量优势,木本植物以灌木为主,木本植物对区域环境影响作用较为明显。库姆塔格沙漠区植物地理成分及分布特征也说明气候、环境条件,植物种的生态幅度及其对环境的适应能力对植物地理分布的决定性影响。  相似文献   

民勤绿洲水资源利用与生态系统退化分析   总被引：20，自引：12，他引：8  

赵翠莲  杨自辉  刘虎俊  俄有浩 《中国沙漠》2006,26(1):90-095

石羊河流域生态平衡失调,生态系统退化在我国干旱、半干旱地区内陆河流域中具有典型的代表性。通过对石羊河流域近代地表水资源开发及其绿洲变迁,近年来流域用水量分配,降水特征及其对植被的影响,流域下游民勤绿洲地下水位、水质的变化等因素多年来观测研究,认为：降水量对天然植被的生长没有大的作用;由于人口的增加,流域地表水资源分配不均,水资源开发过度,地下水位急剧下降,造成流域生态系统退化。流域经济因素促进社会因素的变化,社会因素的变化导致自然环境的变迁,社会、经济、自然诸因素相互作用,通过水资源的变化驱动石羊河流域生态系统的变化。  相似文献   

河西走廊东部沙尘暴预报方法研究   总被引：18，自引：8，他引：10  

李岩瑛  李耀辉  罗晓玲  王汝忠  郭良才 《中国沙漠》2004,24(5):607-610

利用我国沙尘暴多发区, 甘肃省河西走廊东部民勤、凉州区等五站近50a的气象资料, 详细分析了河西东部沙尘暴频繁发生的气象因素, 应用近20a的天气资料, 结合近50a的典型个例做出沙尘暴的长期、中期、短期和短时预报预警系统。研究结果表明: 长期预报取决于冬春季气温、降水量和大风日数; 中期依靠使用国内外数值预报产品; 短期与大气环流条件、分型指标有关; 短时临近预报与高空大风形势、地面上游有无大风沙尘暴天气有关。  相似文献   

Estimation of seasonal crop water consumption in a vineyard using Bowen ratio‐energy balance method     

B. Z. Zhang  S. Z. Kang  L. Zhang  T. S. Du  S. E Li  X. Y. Yang 《水文研究》2007,21(26):3635-3641

Information about seasonal crop water consumption is useful to develop the appropriate irrigation scheme. Measurements of energy balance components using the Bowen ratio method were made for a complete growing season at a vineyard in the arid region of northwest China. Vine in the experiment was furrow‐irrigated using a trellis system. The measured evapotranspiration was compared with estimates using the soil water balance method. It is shown that the Bowen ratio method provided accurate estimates of evapotranspiration from the vineyard and this requires that the Bowen ratio system is appropriately installed. The energy balance components showed typical diurnal pattern with peaks that occurred around the midday, except for the ground heat flux which delayed its peak by 2–3 h. The sensible heat flux was greater than the latent heat flux and followed the net radiation closely. The ratio of the latent heat flux to net radiation was low in the early growing season and increased over time. Under the limited irrigation experienced in the vineyard, the latent heat flux was controlled by available soil moisture and the total evapotranspiration in the growing season was 253 mm. The seasonal progression of the crop coefficient is similar to that reported in the literature, with the maximum occurring during the month of September. The crop coefficient can be estimated as a non‐linear function of day of year (DOY) and used to estimate evapotranspiration from vineyards in the region. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献